A Study on Energy Efficiency and Data Energy-based Knowledge Information Accumulation and Library Operation Direction
Abstract
The research focuses on the changes in the energy field following the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and aims to propose a direction for library operation based on energy efficiency and data energy reflecting this. To this end, this study conducted a case study related to energy efficiency. As a result of the study, detailed measures and guidelines for promoting energy efficiency in the library include 1) the need for policy changes to promote energy efficiency, 2) zero energy and high efficiency for new building renovation, 3) establishment of a high efficiency smart library environment, 4) seeking directions for energy efficiency at the library level, 5) interconnection between the library and the region, 6) establishment of an energy center, and 7) the improvement of awareness and education of employees and local residents, etc., which seem to require discussions.
Keywords:
Library, Energy Efficiency, Data Energy, Green Library, Complex Cultural Space1. Introduction
The Green New Deal is summarized into and interpreted as the idea of causing innovations which encompass employment and labor by adjusting in all respects the energy structure by building an eco-friendly renewable energy industry’s infrastructures and fostering related businesses (Wikipedia, 2021). Such idea already was conceived in the 1970s, yet following the inauguration of the Biden administration of the United States, the eco-friendly policies have gained momentum, and at the same time, gaining attention from the international community once again as a way to overcome the COVID-19 crisis (Kwon, 2021; Yeo 2020).
As such, since the importance of energy efficiency has garnered much attention, industry, transportation, household and commerce, and public sector which consume the final energy are seeking and introducing the appropriate measures for each sector for the efficient use of energy. For instance, in the case of the sector of household, IoT and AI technologies are combined with home appliances used for the residential spaces, or in the case of the industrial sector including factories, smart factories and process automation which apply automatic energy control, real time monitoring of the use of energy, and sensor monitoring occupancy, etc., are implemented.
Among the final energy consumption by sector, the public sector consumes 435,000 tons as of September 2020, which accounts for 2.4% of the total of 17,856,000 tons, or the lowest consumption relative to other sectors. Notwithstanding which, the energy efficiency improvement for the public sector is evaluated to have made such a significant contribution to leading the national energy savings initiatives and spreading the energy savings perception (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, 2013). Accordingly, a total of KRW 2.1 trillion are invested for the energy R&D for the public sector in 2020, including KRW 916.3 billion of the government and KRW 1.2232 trillion of the public energy enterprises (Lee, 2020), and when new buildings are constructed for public institutions, it is required to acquire building energy efficiency ratings of “1” in accordance with the Regulations on the Building Energy Efficiency Rating Certifications (official announcement of the Ministry of Knowledge Economy and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) (Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, 2013). Furthermore, in accordance with the amendment of the Act on the Promotion of the Development, Use and Diffusion of New Energy and Renewable Energy, new and renewable facilities are required for supplying 30% or more of the expected use of energy when public institutions are newly constructed, expanded, or reconstructed from 2020, and by making the installation of new and renewable energy facilities mandatory, and by raising the mandatory ratio of new and renewable energy supply for the public sector to 40% by 2030, public institutions are playing a leading role in promoting the supply of new and renewable energy (Jeong, 2020).
As public buildings, since the 1980s, discussions have taken place regarding the eco-friendliness such as the libraries and the environment, the green library’s librarians, establishment of an environmental information source, development of libraries as an environmental subject, and the green library. For instance, a study was conducted to compare the domestic and foreign eco-friendly building certification systems such as LEED or evaluating the eco-friendly characteristics of specific libraries based on such a certification system (Mikkelsen, 2007; Ahn et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2006). Furthermore, references and case studies on the green libraries or the green libraries referring to the libraries carring out the activities related to energy and eco-friendliness (Ahn et al., 2013; Hong & Noh, 2014; Zhu et al., 2010) and the studies (Schaper, 2010), etc., presenting the strategies for building such green libraries have been conducted.
Furthermore, innumerable sites at the libraries have already applied the green paradigm. The relevant categories include all forms of eco-friendly activities, ranging from the activities which provide various programs on climate changes, such as those by the British Library, to those of the Whistler Library, which utilizes renewable energy including the solar and geothermal energies. Recently, the Central Library of the City of Asan became the first library in the country to acquire “This Certification (ZEB 5)” which is certified by the Korea Energey Agency through the “Zero Energy Building Certification System” enforced by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for contributing to the national greenhouse gas reductions and the energy consumption reductions, while promoting them as an innovative growth engine for the construction sector in response to the fourth industrial revolution (Seong, 2018).
As such, libraries are pursuing eco-friendliness by utilizing convenient locations for transportation in the center of cities, water resources conservation and their efficient use, computer controlled windows and light control for the energy efficiency, and the automatic lighting systems, etc., or by introducing architectural elements including the low energy glass windows and reflective membrane roofs, and automatic heating and cooling through undertaking such activities as the quality control of the indoor environment and reuse of the materials and resources through the air circulation system. Among which, this study has focused on the changes in the energy field following the fourth industrial revolution, and reflecting which, it is intended to propose a library energy savings plan based on the energy efficiency and the data energy.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Energy efficiency
Energy refers to the input factors for the production of energy services such as heating, lighting, and power (Gillingham et al., 2009), while efficiency basically means the concept of output versus input. The energy efficiency (symbol η), combining the two concepts, means the ratio of the available energy for the input energy in the broad sense of the meaning, and in the narrow sense of the meaning, it means the ratio of how much energy is recovered among the reacted energy (Wikipedia). Furthermore, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines it as the ratio or quantitative relationship between the performance of a work or service product or energy and the energy input.
Overall, the energy efficiency may be viewed as the ability to use less input energy for the same production (Lee & So, 2018). There are largely 3 main ways to achieve such goal of energy efficiency. First, less energy is consumed to achieve the same performance (high efficiency), and second, the same amount of energy is consumed to achieve better performance (high efficiency), and third, conversion efficiency is improved towards the final energy from the primary energy (reduction of energy conversion losses), which, for instance, means the improvement of the power generation efficiency through the application of the high efficiency technologies (Lee & So, 2018).
2.2. Fourth industrial revolution and the energy innovations
During the era of the fourth industrial revolution, alongside the development of the ICT technology, countries around the globe are making a great deal of effort to prepare various technologies and policies to help reduce the carbon dioxide and improve the energy efficiencies. Korea is also stressing on the importance of the energy industry in connection with the fourth industrial revolution such as the development of the Renewable Energy 3020 Performance Plan. Such fourth industrial revolution refers to the “ICT and Service Development of the Manufacturing Industry” through the automation of the existing manufacturing industry and the convergence with the service industry, which is materialized by the core widely used technologies of the fourth industrial revolution including the IoT, Mobile and 5G, Cloud computing, Big Data, and AI. The changes of the energy sector following the fourth industrial revolution are largely classified into six major aspects, and are introduced as follows.
Six Changes of the Energy Sector Following the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Considering the changes following the fourth industrial revolution, they may be understood to have made such a significant impact on the energy using equipments, and consequently, they are expected to significantly affect energy, particularly, the demand for electricity.
2.3. Performance achievement of the energy efficiency management system
The trends in the evolution of the energy using equipments following the convergence of the fourth industrial revolution technologies are summarized in five directions as follows (Lee & So, 2018). Each of the equipments is linked and systemized through the IoT, and the real time monitoring and remote control will become possible in connection with the mobile equipments. Furthermore, the data generated on a real time basis are accumulated in the Cloud, and it is expected that the autonomous control and the optimization of energy consumption will be materialized through the application of technologies such as the Big Data analysis and artificial intelligence.
The efficiency related information generated on a real time basis from various sensors may be utilized. With the data generated in the environment of actual use, it will be possible to acquire high quality data which are more realistic than the information generated in a laboratory. Furthermore, it will possible to measure time by hour or in the unit of minute, making it quantitatively sufficient or better. The existing energy efficiency management system was designed based on the efficiency related data of the energy using equipments acquired at the laboratories, and has been managed by selecting the subjects for each equipment. In addition, once the system was designed, it was maintained without undergoing any separate evaluation for the efficiency of the equipments until the equipments included were existed or until the system went down. However, due to the impact of the fourth industrial revolution, conditions are formed to design an energy efficiency management system based on the more accurate information, and the preparations are underway for an environment where the effectiveness may be accurately evaluated and more cost effectively improved during the implementation of the system.
The users of energy equipments will be able to directly verify the efficiency related information of individual equipment or system on a real time basis. Utilizing which, it will become possible to design various policy measures which can induce behavioral changes of the users of energy equipments. Until now, it is at the level of inducing behavioral changes of the users through publicity or education. For instance, a system which induces changes in the consumer behaviors through benchmarking by diversifying the information provided on the monthly electricity bills is evaluated as relatively innovative. Moving forward, however, in a situation where the consumers can directly verify various uses of the energy information on a real time basis and adjust their consumption patterns immediately with ease through the remote control, the effectiveness of the systems and policies inducing behavioral changes is likely to rise.
The role of the service providers for the sector of energy efficiency management is likely to become increasingly important. In particular, the role of the service providers is expected to be significant until technological development and dissemination of the autonomous control systems for optimization are expanded. Taking on the case of BEMS or FEMS, for instance, a substantial energy savings can may be achieved only by interpreting the information generated from such and utilizing the same for the optimization. However, major businesses to date have remained at the role of installing them. The substantive energy management takes place only when the service providers providing consulting for optimization and energy management services have a role. Hence, the effectiveness of energy efficiency management can be raised by expanding the scope of such business operators.
Until now, the energy efficiency management system was designed and operated to manage each individual energy using equipment, yet moving forward, it is expected that the complexity of the system design will increase as the energy using equipments become systematized. For instance, the energy efficiency management considering not only individual equipments forming the system, but also those added for the construction and operation of the entire system, such as sensors or devices forming the IoT, and the energy required for optimization or autonomous control must be considered to design and operate the energy efficiency management system. Optimization has the effect of reducing the energy consumption. Whereas, the devices added to configure and operate the system have the effect of increasing the energy consumption, and whichever system that does not comprehensively consider such has the possibility of committing the mistake of aggravating the energy efficiency of the overall system.
If the systemization of the energy using equipments evolves to the point where it can be optimized through the autonomous control following the influence of the fourth industrial revolution, then rather than a policy of inducing changes in consumer behaviors, it seems that the effectiveness of efficiency management can be improved through a policy of encouraging the accommodation of such system. This is because it will become possible for the system to autonomously optimize without changing consumer behaviors. Therefore, it seems that it will be crucial to have directions such as the technological development for systematization, policies for market creation to enhance the initial technology acceptance, and policies to induce the reduction of manufacturing costs, etc.
3. Methodology
The purpose of this study is to present directions for the energy saving and efficiency of libraries in that the energy efficiency advancement of the public sector is evaluated to have led the national energy savings practice and contributed to the expansion of the energy savings perception. The research procedure and research system diagram for achieving the purpose of this study are as follows (refer to Table. 1).
Research Procedures and the Research System Diagram
4. Cases of the Introduction of Energy Efficiency System
4.1. Similar cases applicable for libraries
Recently, LS Electric completed an energy efficiency platform which integrates new technologies such as Big Data and artificial intelligence (AI) with smart energy solutions, and launched commercialization (JoongAng Ilbo, 2017). The LS Electric R&D Campus has been evaluated as having achieved a paradigm shift by inducing a rational energy consumption to prevent energy wastes, and has also been evaluated to have integrated smart technologies of LS Electric including the energy storage devices, solar power generation (PV), and smart meters based on the automatic building control.
LS Electric’s R&D Campus
Korea University prepared various countermeasures with the goal of completing the “Energy Saving Company (ESCO)” from 2012 to 2017. In March 2012, the building energy management system (BEMS) was established to implement the effective energy savings policies including the implementation of the power goal management system for each individual college and power peak management.
Korea University
In October 2008, Seoul National University also made the “Sustainable SNU Declaration,” while establishing the five action goals and preparing specific action plans. Since it announced the “Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Seoul National University” in 2008, Seoul National University has developed a model for creating a “sustainable green campus” for 10 years. The formation and operation of the Seoul National University's sustainable green campus are largely introduced as 1) the energy visualization through the monitoring of energy consumption, 2) support for the green campus student activities, 3) formation of an eco-friendly campus, and 4) the university staffs’ education, etc.
Seoul National University
First, in the case of the energy visualization through the monitoring of energy consumption, Seoul National University is equipped with the power monitoring system, power visualization system, and the automatic monitoring system for gas and water consumption. Furthermore, an integrated management system for greenhouse gas which can measure the greenhouse gas emissions by institution and building is in operation.
Seoul National University’s Energy Visualization Through the Monitoring of Energy Consumption.
Second, by providing support for the student activities on the green campus, the University encourages the participation of members by supporting the student organizations taking the lead in the creation of the green campus. For instance, there are the sustainable and eco-friendly Seoul National University Student Council, eco-friendly student club “Pium,” and Seoul National University’s “SNUCSR NETWORK,” etc. By holding green campaign events (2015, 2016, 2017), the students' eco-friendly awareness about the greenhouse gas reduction and energy conservation is enhanced. Through the Greenhouse Gas Energy Infographic Contest, the information on the Seoul National University's greenhouse gas and energy is delivered graphically to enhance the awareness and promote the participation of the members.
Support for the Green Campus Student Activities
Third, the University promotes the insulation reinforcement facilities, improvement of the heating and cooling facilities, improvement of the lighting environment, reduction of the water consumption and utilization of water resources by creating an eco-friendly campus, etc. As for the insulation reinforcement facilities, an insulation reinforcement work was performed for 8 buildings (for a total insulation area of 9,941㎥), and the city gas was saved by 136,189N㎥ per year by improving the heating and cooling facilities such as by installing high efficiency boilers. Furthermore, 682,014 kWh of power is saved per year by improving the lighting environment, such as by replacing the LED lighting. In the case of the water consumption reduction and the water resource utilization, water resources are utilized such as through ① the water consumption reduction plan such as by strengthening the management organization operation, establishing the water management master plan, and establishing the infrastructure expansion plan, and ② the rainwater storage facility (approximately 60 tons), rainwater collection facilities (approximately 20㎥), and the rainwater-heavy water hybrid system (approximately 250㎥).
Formation of the Eco-Friendly Campus
Fourth, the University conducts the education of the University members. In 2016 alone, 25 environment and sustainability related liberal arts courses were launched, green leadership courses were operated to form the green curriculum, faculty seminars for strengthening the capacity to manage the greenhouse gas emission facilities, and sustainability education for staffs such as those in charge of green life operation and management.
The Harvard Office for Sustainability (OFS) was officially reorganized while setting new goals in 2008 based on the Harvard Green Campus Initiative (HGCI), an existing institution formed in 1999 by the faculty and students to discuss the sustainability of Harvard University. Based on the HGCI's past performance achievements, since 2008, it has aimed to transform the campus into a living laboratory for innovation in conjunction with service groups across the campus. Harvard University has officially disclosed its responsibilities and special obligations of responding to climate changes and environmental impact with a view to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by 30% relative to 2006 by 2016.
Accordingly, the Green Building Standards (established in 2007 and amended in 2009) were prepared including the total costs of life cycle, energy modeling, setting of the performance targets, 34% of energy efficiency, and operation management guidelines. By applying the LEED, which evaluates the performance of each building, a feedback system was established for evaluating and managing each building. Initially, it began with a $70,000 fund, which expanded with a $3 million loan program in 2001, and increased to as much as $12 million with a Green Loan Fund (GLF) in 2006, respectively. As the funds for Harvard's environmental projects, the GLF selects the projects related to the high performance campus design, operation, maintenance, and resident behaviors through the open competition for each building or project, and provides loans of advance payment. Thereafter, the loan is repaid over 10 years as the energy saving costs through the project.
Green Building Standards
The Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) operates the Revolving Green Fund in 3 types of RGF 1, 2, and 3, respectively. RGF 1 provides support for the businesses of a relatively small financial scale by forming partnerships with external companies. RGF 3 corresponds to the project of the largest financial scale with a loan repayment period of 10 years. Furthermore, it runs the Green League, where students form a voluntary network of “People & Planet” and ranks and fuels competition for the environmental and ethical activities of universities in the UK.
Green Campus Partnership Project Details of the University of Pennsylvania.
4.2. Cases of libraries related to the energy efficiency
The Central Library of the City of Asan became the first library in the country to acquire the “Zero Energy Building Main Certification (ZEB 5)” by the Korea Energy Agency. The Central Library of the City of Asan is an educational and research facility of 1 basement floor and 5 floors above the ground and has a total floor area of 9 ,037 m2, and it was also built as a pilot project for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's Zero Energy Building to prepare standards for the national energy policy. The Zero Energy Building Main Certification granted for a building actually completed is the second in the country for the Central Library of the City of Asan, and the first for and as a library. In addition to the Zero Energy Building Main Certification (ZEB 5), the Central Library of the City of Asan has acquired a certification for a passive building main certification (2.0L/㎡·a), building energy efficiency rating of 1++ main certification, and the green building general rating main certification, thereby acquiring all certifications in the field related to the eco-friendly architecture in Korea. Furthermore, at the 21st Energy Winner of the Year Award co-hosted by the Consumer Citizens' Association and the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, it was the only public institution to win the Energy Conservation Award and the Korea Energy Agency President's Award.
Meanwhile, the Zero Energy Building Certification System was first implemented in January 2017 by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport to make significant contributions to the national greenhouse gas reduction and the energy consumption reduction, and promote them as an innovative growth engine for the building sector in response to the fourth industrial revolution.
As for the characteristic of the Central Library of the City of Asan, the fact that a total budget of KRW 340 million were saved by receiving support for the new and renewable facilities (solar power) for KRW 90 million from Korea Energy Agency and the Building Energy Management System (BEMS) worth KRW 250 million from the Korean Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology as a part of the R&D project for the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport is evaluated to have been meaningfully completed.
The Central Library of the City of Asan
4.3. Cases of building green library
“Green library” is a leading concept of a library whose main goals are energy saving, green, and eco-friendliness. An eco-friendly green library means a structure which designed, built, reconstructed, operated, and reused from an ecological and resource efficient point of view (Recycle, 2000), and in this context, the greening of library also includes the resources used for the library, library operation and service process (Ahn, Kwak, & Noh, 2013). The cases of green library may be presented as in Table 8.
Discussions of Green Library
5. Energy efficiency plan for and at the libraries
For the energy sector, following the influence of the fourth industrial revolution technologies, the energy using equipments are expected to evolve towards the direction of the real time monitoring, remote and autonomous control, and the optimization of energy consumption as they are connected and systematized through the IoT. To participate in such energy efficiency policies, the library sector is also realizing and promoting energy efficiency through the green library and the zero energy building certification, etc.
1) Need for policy changes to promote energy efficiency
As a policy implication, the energy efficiency related policies could increase their efficiency by utilizing the high quality information generated on a real time basis. During the initial phase, the importance of policies inducing behavior changes of the users of energy is largest. After the autonomous control for optimization becomes possible, the importance of the system’s distribution policy is expected to emerge. Therefore, for the library sector, it is necessary to discuss the establishment of an eco-friendly library and the related energy efficiency guidelines and plans in the context of the comprehensive development plan, and it is also necessary for the individual libraries to discuss energy efficiency and eco-friendliness in the context of the mid- and long-term library plan.
2) Zero energy and the new construction and reconstruction of high efficiency buildings
The requirement of the zero energy building means the act of requiring the acquisition of the zero energy building certification system (ZEB certification), which the government introduced for the first time in the world in 2017. The ZEB certification system applies the concept of “energy self-reliance rate,” which provides that the relevant building produces more than a certain percentage of its total energy consumption with new and renewable energy, etc., and grants the certification by varying ratings according to the extent of achievement.
According to the zero energy building roadmap devised in 2016, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport plans to apply the ZEB certification requirement for the small and medium sized public buildings (500-3,000 m2) in 2020. Libraries must also expand their zero energy buildings in line with the national policies. While it may be said that the Central Library of the City of Asan is the first case, it may be said that the interest and support of not only the library sector but also the library and information science researchers are needed to ensure that such cases may continue to emerge in the future.
Roadmap for the Requirement of Zero Energy Construction
3) Development of an environment for high efficiency smart library
Consequently, energy efficiency may be considered together with the development of technology for the era of the fourth industrial revolution. Given that the energy using equipments are connected and systemized through the IoT, real time monitoring and remote control, and furthermore, the autonomous control and optimization of energy consumption are expected to evolve towards the smartization of libraries and real time monitoring in the IoT environment of smart libraries, as well as autonomous control and optimization of energy consumption. As for the cases of the utilization of smart sensor, 25 public libraries located in the City of Seoul are implementing the projects to provide a pleasant indoor environment by installing the IoT based indoor environmental sensors and analyzing the air quality data of the library (Noh & Son, 2016). As the sensor technologies and the Cloud server technologies, etc., are integrated, it is possible to measure 6 indoor environmental factors of fine dust, temperature, humidity, CO2, noise, and VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds).
To build a high efficiency smart library environment, it is necessary to expand the supply of high efficiency equipments, which is one of the main measures to improve the domestic energy efficiency, and as relevant systems, the 3 largest energy efficiency management systems, energy consumption efficiency ratings, and the standby power reduction programs may be referenced.
4) Exploration of the directions for energy efficiency at the library level
Beyond everything, it is necessary to discuss the directions for the energy efficiency at the library level. The directions of energy efficiency following the fourth industrial revolution and the zero energy building certification system promoted since 2017 may be understood in the context of green library, which has been discussed for and by the library field since the 1980s. Along with the current direction of implementation of the green library, it is necessary to promote energy efficiency in consideration of the changes in the energy sector according to the fourth industrial revolution, such as the IoT based real time energy data collection and utilization, energy management general control room, and smart equipments.
As for the current directions of implementation for green library, six largest issues are discussed including the construction of eco-friendly library, water resource conservation of the library, energy efficiency and air environment preservation, materials and resources, indoor environmental friendliness, and the interior design. To expand and introduce such a green library certification system, first, in the construction of an eco-friendly library, zero energy buildings ought to be expanded based on the ZEB certification system. Second, in the case of interior design, materials and resources, eco-friendly construction methods and new technology application, eco-friendly, recycled and local materials must be used. Third, in the case of the indoor environmental friendliness, a thermostat and management utilizing the fourth new technologies ought to be used.
Direction of Implementation for the Green Library
5) Efficiency via mutual connection between libraries and regions
In the case of “Green Challenge” of the Graduate School of the University of Cambridge, mutual connections with students are implemented. For instance, a student orientation called “Penn Greend” encourages interest in the environment and sustainability. Therefore, the library may also hold lectures, conferences, discussion groups, tours, and exhibitions related to climate changes and sustainability within the program, and from the outside, by strengthening the mutual connections with the library and the region, energy efficiency, greening, and eco-friendliness ought to be promoted. As an official from the City of Asan states, "The fact that the Central Library of the City of Asan acquired the zero energy building certification for the first time as a library in the country is the result of Asan's public building policy, which has been continuously implementing the construction of eco-friendly public buildings," the City's interest and support are essential.
6) Installation of energy center and the provision of consulting support
A control tower is prepared to verify the energy flowchart for the entire building at a glance. At LS R&D Campus and Seoul Campus, the quantity of power coming from KEPCO and the power produced by the new and renewable energy system are verified on a real time basis, and the quantity of power currently used at the buildings is also managed. As such, in most of the cases, the BEMS is installed to monitor the energy consumption of buildings and control the active system. Through the energy consumption management system, each room's energy consumption, indoor temperature and humidity, CO2 concentration, solar power generation, and the ESS consumption are monitored at least 15 minutes apart. Furthermore, if the BEMS is used, the On/Off and set temperature can be controlled for the EHP indoor unit for each room. Such control function can apply the control methods of pre-cooling (Choi, Kwak, & Goo, 2014) and the night-purge (Shin et al., 2015), and it was announced that approximately 10% of energy consumption may be reduced by pre-cooling (Lee et al., 2018). Therefore, by preparing an energy center inside the library, it is expected that the 4 elements of buildings of the energy production, energy charge and discharge, energy saving, and energy management may all be controlled from here.
7) Enhancement of perception and education of the employees and local residents
It seems necessary to provide various educational programs which enable the employees and local residents to realize the importance of eco-friendly buildings. As with the Graduate School of the University of Cambridge, the parts of climate changes and sustainability may be added to the education or within the program process, and lectures, conferences, discussion groups, tours, and exhibitions related to sustainability may also be promoted. In the case of the librarians’ education, the establishment of liberal arts courses related to environment and sustainability, which are also among the Seoul National University’s building energy savings activities, and the establishment of a green curriculum by operating a green leadership curriculum, seminars to strengthen the capacity for managing greenhouse gas emission facilities, and the education for sustainability for the employees, etc., including the education for those in charge of the operation and management of green life could be conducted.
6. Conclusion and Recommendations
Improving the energy efficiency and expanding the use of renewable energy are considered to be among the most crucial countermeasures for climate changes and the global demand for energy. Above everything, it is evaluated that the energy efficiency advancement for the public sector has led the national energy savings and contributes significantly to the expansion of the energy savings awareness. In connection with the energy saving and energy efficiency at the libraries, such keywords as green library and green library, etc., have been discussed for long. Currently, in connection with the green library or energy efficiency, in the library sector, it is being dealt with at the level of the individual libraries or in the context of the zero energy building pilot project of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In terms of the establishment and operation of libraries overall, it is likely that an effective implementation would be impracticable without the support and guidelines from the parent institution or the government in that the mid- to long-term development or specific implementation plans for energy efficiency are not in place yet. The detailed plans and guidelines for promoting the energy efficiency at and by the libraries would need to discuss 1) the need for policy changes to promote the energy efficiency, 2) new construction of the zero energy and high efficiency buildings, 3) development of a high efficiency smart library environment, 4) seeking of directions for energy efficiency in the context of the library, 5) mutual connections between the libraries and regions, 6) preparation of an energy center, and 7) the improvement of the perception and education of the employees and local residents, etc. Furthermore, while it is important to apply the high efficiency devices and facilities for energy conservation, =it is also necessary to pay attention to the efficient energy management and utilization of energy information by utilizing the Internet of Things, Big Data, and the Cloud servers, etc.
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Younghee Noh has an MA and PhD In Library and Information Science from Yonsei University, Seoul. She has published more than 50 books, including 3 books awarded as Outstanding Academic Books by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (Government) and more than 120 papers, including one selected as a Featured Article by the Informed Librarian Online in February 2012. She was listed in the Marquis Who’s Who in the World in 2012-2016 and Who’s Who in Science and Engineering in 2016-2017. She received research excellence awards from both Konkuk University (2009) and Konkuk University Alumni (2013) as well as recognition by “the award for Teaching Excellence” from Konkuk University in 2014. She received research excellence awards form ‘Korean Y. Noh and Y. Shin International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology Vol.9, No.3, 75-101 (September 2019) 101 Library and Information Science Society’ in 2014. One of the books she published in 2014, was selected as ‘Outstanding Academic Books’ by Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in 2015. She received the Awards for Professional Excellence as Asia Library Leaders from Satija Research Foundation in Library and Information Science (India) in 2014. She has been a Chief Editor of World Research Journal of Library and Information Science in Mar 2013 ~ Feb 2016. Since 2004, she has been a Professor in the Department of Library and Information Science at Konkuk University, where she teaches courses in Metadata, Digital Libraries, Processing of Internet Information Resources, and Digital Contents.
Ji-Yoon Ro has MA in Library & Information Science from Chung-Ang University, Seoul, and she has PhD in Library & Information Science from Konkuk University. She is Researcher of the Institute of Knowledge Content Development & Technology. She has published one book, and seven articles, and has participated in five projects relevant to the library. Her works focus specifically on Sharing Economy, Social Economy, Knowledge Sharing, Blockchain and Library, Cooperative Networks, Social Informatics, and Urban Regeneration and Library. Ji-Yoon Ro is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: rojyliv@gmail.com