Sustainable Practices in Nigerian Libraries: Exploring the Role of Green Libraries in Promoting Eco-Friendly Reading Spaces

1. Introduction

The term “green” is widely recognized for its association with environmental sustainability. In this context, the concept of “green libraries” refers to libraries designed with eco-friendly principles in mind. The development of green libraries began gaining attention in the 1990s and became a notable trend in librarianship by the early 2000s. As noted by Singh and Dixit (2021), green libraries encompass the construction of sustainable library buildings, the greening of existing facilities, the provision of environmentally friendly services, and the adoption of methods that promote sustainability within the library environment. Antonelli (2008) highlighted that although the knowledge base surrounding green libraries is still developing, there has been significant growth in literature on the topic, reflecting the increasing global interest in eco-friendly libraries.

Today, many libraries around the world are adopting green practices to create eco-friendly spaces that prioritize sustainability. These spaces are designed to minimize energy and water consumption, reduce the overall environmental footprint, and enhance the aesthetic and functional quality of the environment. Such libraries aim to promote both environmental conservation and the well-being of their users. Despite the widespread adoption of green initiatives in developed countries, libraries in Nigeria still face challenges in aligning with global sustainability goals, particularly in areas such as building design, material usage, lighting, and energy consumption. Okojie and Okiy (2020) noted that many Nigerian libraries remain unaware of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), resulting in a lack of green building initiatives.

As Nigeria strives to meet international standards, the establishment of green libraries becomes crucial. Green libraries are designed to prioritize sustainability through eco-friendly architecture, resource management, and community engagement. These libraries play a vital role in supporting environmental conservation, reducing operational costs, and promoting health and well-being. In this chapter, we will explore the concept of green libraries, the creation of eco-friendly spaces, global and Nigerian green initiatives, the process of establishing green libraries, and the challenges and solutions to these efforts.

Green libraries, as described by Pagore and Chalukya (2022), are part of the larger green building movement. Around the world, sustainable or green libraries are being developed through high-profile efforts that highlight their importance. These libraries, often referred to as eco-libraries, are designed or renovated to minimize environmental impact through energy efficiency, resource conservation, and waste reduction. According to Reitz (n.d.), a green library is one that integrates environmental concerns into its design and operations, often incorporating natural building materials, recycling programs, and sustainable resource management. The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions [IFLA] (2022) defines green libraries as institutions that incorporate environmental, community, and financial sustainability into their establishment. Pandey et al. (2022) emphasize the use of natural resources and waste recycling in these libraries, while Mondal (2021) points out their role in educating users about environmental issues.

Green libraries are more than just physical spaces—they represent a holistic approach to environmental stewardship that includes resource management, community involvement, and programming aligned with sustainability. These libraries contribute to global sustainability initiatives, including the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement, and often pursue environmental certifications. Kulkarni (2018) outlines several key characteristics of green libraries, such as the use of recycled materials, energy-efficient lighting systems, water conservation practices, and the incorporation of indoor and outdoor plantings.

The concept of “green libraries” has gained momentum globally as a response to the environmental challenges of our time. While these eco-friendly spaces are designed to promote sustainability through responsible resource management, Nigerian libraries have lagged in adopting these green initiatives. Global examples from developed nations showcase various strategies for integrating environmental sustainability into library operations. However, focusing solely on global initiatives risks overlooking the local realities faced by Nigerian libraries. Several studies conducted in Nigeria provide a clearer picture of the current state of green libraries within the country. Adeyemi et al. (2024) offer a comprehensive study on green practices in selected academic libraries in Kwara State. Their research reveals that while fumigation practices are used to preserve library resources, the heavy reliance on information and communication technologies (ICT) contributes significantly to high carbon footprints. This study highlights a critical aspect of environmental sustainability that has yet to be adequately addressed in many Nigerian libraries. However, establishing green libraries may be more feasible than expected due to the country’s rich natural resources in Nigeria (Iroeze et al., 2022). Omigie et al. (2022) suggest that green libraries in Nigeria could utilize sustainable materials such as bamboo, recycled plastics, and timber. At the core of green libraries is the principle of sustainability—meeting the needs of the present without compromising the future. As libraries around the world adopt green practices, they not only contribute to environmental conservation but also serve as models for sustainable development in their communities.

2. Conceptual Clarification

It is especially important in topics like “Green Libraries” and “Eco-friendly Spaces,” where various interpretations exist, depending on the context. In this section, the aim is to offer a precise and comprehensive understanding of what these concepts entail, providing a foundation for further discussion. Therefore, understanding the fundamental principles behind green libraries and eco-friendly spaces is crucial to appreciating their role in promoting sustainability and environmental responsibility.

3. Methodology

This study adopted a qualitative research design, utilizing a systematic review of the literature to explore sustainable practices in Nigerian libraries, particularly the role of green libraries in promoting eco-friendly reading spaces. The systematic review method was chosen to ensure a comprehensive and structured approach to identifying, selecting, and critically analyzing relevant studies. The search for relevant literature was conducted using reputable academic databases, including Google Scholar and Scopus. For the search, keywords such as “sustainable practices in Libraries”, Green Libraries in Nigeria” and “Eco-friendly reading spaces”. These databases were selected due to their comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed articles and their relevance to the research topic. The literature gathered from the databases was systematically reviewed to identify relevant themes, trends, and patterns. The data collected from academic articles, reports, and case studies were subjected to thematic analysis, a method used to identify and analyze patterns (themes) within the data. The research was conducted in accordance with ethical standards. All studies and authors referenced were duly acknowledged and properly cited in the reference list to ensure academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.

4. Green Initiatives around the World

Globally, green initiatives encompass a wide array of policies, programs, and actions aimed at fostering sustainability, reducing environmental impacts, and addressing the growing concerns of climate change. These initiatives, implemented at various levels by individuals, communities, businesses, organizations, and governments, are foundational in the global transition towards sustainable development. The history of green initiatives can be traced to various nations and regions, but one of the earliest landmark examples of national environmental conservation is the establishment of Yellowstone National Park in the United States in 1872, which signalled a formal governmental commitment to preserving natural resources (National Park Service, 2018).

The United States continues to lead with significant green initiatives such as the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), the Brown Green Standard, and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certifications (Pandey et al., 2022). These frameworks promote sustainable building practices and encourage organizations to minimize their environmental impact. India has also embraced green initiatives with the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Standard and the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA), which have become benchmarks for sustainable construction and operations in the country (Mondal, 2021). Similarly, the United Kingdom’s World Green Building Council (WorldGBC) and the British Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) stand as key initiatives promoting environmentally friendly building practices (Sivaprasad et al., 2024). Kenya has actively promoted environmental sustainability through campaigns such as “Go Green,” which encourage eco-friendly practices at both individual and institutional levels (Mwanzu et al., 2023). These initiatives are instrumental in shaping a culture of environmental responsibility and conservation.

While global studies on green initiatives provide a useful framework, a number of them fail to account for the socio-economic and infrastructural limitations prevalent in Nigeria. To buttress the foregoing, the study of Iroeze et al. (2022) indicates the lack of preparation for green libraries in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Their study, focusing on libraries in Imo State, concluded that many libraries are not yet equipped to transition to green practices. This lack of readiness stems from a combination of insufficient funding, inadequate training, and the absence of institutional support. These findings reflect broader trends seen across the country, making it clear that green library initiatives in Nigeria are still in their infancy. Furthermore, Dada (2021) discusses the need for libraries to reduce their carbon footprint and highlights the specific challenges Nigerian libraries face in implementing green practices. His study, which focuses on the Federal College of Education Library in Zaria, Nigeria, reveals that libraries are not well-grounded in green library requirements due to insufficient manpower and resources. This limitation suggests that while there is growing awareness of the need for sustainable practices, the practical implementation of green libraries remains a significant challenge. The studies of Iroeze et al. (2022) and Dada (2021) implied that Nigeria has yet to join the rest of the world in adopting the green initiative, hence there is no past, current or ongoing green library initiative. However, Emmanuel and Okojie (2022) suggest that Nigerian Library bodies like the National Library of Nigeria [NLN], the Librarians Registration Council of Nigeria [LRCN], and the Nigerian Library Associations [NLA] need to develop green library initiatives for the library community to run. Omigie, et al. (2022), suggested the use of campaigns to inform members of the need for green library initiatives through library week, planned conferences, seminars, visitations, and workshops.

5. Nigeria’s Green Initiatives and Libraries

Nigeria is increasingly aware of the need for green initiatives, particularly in light of its reliance on the oil and gas sector and the environmental challenges associated with it. These challenges include flooding, pollution (air, water, and oil), deforestation, and poor waste management, all of which threaten the country’s ecosystems and public health. Despite these challenges, Nigeria is making progress in its green transition by implementing policies aimed at expanding access to clean energy, reducing poverty, and fostering economic growth through sustainable practices (Okpidi-Urhibo, 2023). For instance, the country aims to achieve universal access to affordable energy by 2030 (Archibong & Osafo-Kwaako, 2023).

However, environmental issues in Nigeria, such as pollution, disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, leading to respiratory disorders, waterborne diseases, and other health concerns. The loss of biodiversity and deforestation further exacerbate the situation by undermining ecosystem services vital for human well-being. Addressing these concerns requires the implementation of more robust green initiatives at all societal levels, including libraries. Although Nigeria’s green library movement is still in its infancy, some institutions are beginning to align their policies with environmental sustainability goals. For example, solar-powered street lighting at the Federal University of Technology Akure demonstrates the potential of renewable energy solutions, while the University of Ibadan offers courses on environmental studies, promoting academic engagement with sustainability (Oyelude & Alabi, 2013). The University of Ilorin has also implemented comprehensive greening initiatives supported by an environmental policy that emphasizes material reuse, recycling, and land reclamation efforts. These actions contribute to a cleaner, more sustainable campus environment, serving as a model for other Nigerian universities.

In the realm of libraries, green practices remain limited, with only a few institutions taking steps toward sustainability. Oyelude and Alabi (2013) report on some initiatives, including the Climate Change Library Project, launched by the NGO Nature Cares in 2009, which provides environmental education materials to schools. The project also advocates for establishing mini-green libraries in underserved areas, promoting access to information on sustainability. Additionally, at Babcock University, a study was conducted to assess the institution’s green footprint, resulting in the development of a “Generic Green IT Model” for future implementation. This model suggests various strategies to promote sustainability within academic institutions, including using a “Greening Game Board” to educate students and staff on green IT practices (Awodele et al., 2012).

The potential benefits of green libraries in Nigeria are significant. Such libraries can contribute to environmental conservation by reducing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and promoting the use of sustainable materials in construction and operations. These practices are critical in a country facing severe environmental degradation from pollution and deforestation. Moreover, green libraries can offer cost savings by reducing energy and water consumption, which is particularly relevant in Nigeria, where budget constraints often limit infrastructure investments (Omigie et al., 2022).

In addition to their environmental impact, green libraries promote health and well-being by creating spaces that foster creativity, learning, and relaxation. The integration of biophilic design, improved air quality, and natural lighting can create comfortable, healthful environments that enhance user satisfaction and productivity. For many Nigerians, especially those living in industrialized urban areas, green libraries offer a much-needed respite from polluted environments, providing safe and healthy spaces to read, learn, and connect with nature. While Nigeria is making strides in various green initiatives, there remains an urgent need to extend these efforts into the library sector. By adopting sustainable practices and promoting environmental literacy, Nigerian libraries can play a crucial role in fostering a culture of sustainability and environmental responsibility.

6. Key Considerations in Establishing Green Libraries and Eco-Friendly Reading Spaces

As the global community increasingly recognizes the importance of sustainability, libraries must also align with the green movement by integrating eco-friendly practices into their design and operations. In Nigeria, establishing green libraries and eco-friendly reading spaces is not only crucial for environmental preservation but also for enhancing education, health, and social inclusion. The process of creating such spaces requires careful planning and adherence to globally recognized standards like the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) framework. This rating system, as noted by Omigie et al. (2022), Kulkarni (2018), and Pandey et al. (2022), categorizes green building considerations into five key groups:

• (1) Site Selection: Selecting a location for a green library is crucial for environmental protection and fostering community engagement. The chosen site should have a minimal ecological impact, supporting sustainable urban growth. In Nigeria’s rapidly expanding urban areas, following LEED’s site selection criteria could significantly mitigate environmental degradation and support sustainable development.
• (2) Sustainable Building Materials: LEED advocates the use of environmentally friendly materials that reduce resource consumption and promote indoor air quality. In Nigeria, where access to these materials may be limited, LEED certification can help incentivize the use of locally sourced resources, thus reducing transportation costs and supporting local economies. The use of green roofs, solar panels, and rainwater harvesting systems can further enhance sustainability efforts.
• (3) Energy Conservation: With Nigeria’s growing energy demands, implementing energy-efficient designs is vital. LEED encourages the use of smart lighting systems, passive solar designs, and energy-efficient HVAC systems to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. For a more interactive experience, libraries could even explore innovative concepts like electricity-generating bikes for readers.
• (4) Water Conservation: Water-efficient design, such as low-flow fixtures and drought-resistant landscaping, can significantly reduce water usage in green libraries. These measures are particularly important in Nigeria, where water scarcity remains a pressing issue. By prioritizing water conservation, libraries can become leaders in promoting sustainable water management.
• (5) Air Quality: Ensuring good indoor air quality is essential for the health and comfort of library users. LEED emphasizes the use of low-emission materials and adequate ventilation systems. In Nigeria, where indoor pollution is a concern, such standards can help improve the overall health and well-being of library patrons.

Incorporating these sustainable practices into Nigerian libraries will not only reduce their environmental footprint but also transform them into educational hubs that promote conservation, environmental literacy, and community engagement. Additionally, as noted by Hauke (2019) and Ancelet & Banks (2023), libraries should align their services with the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, focusing on energy efficiency, green practices, and the integration of smart technologies to reduce environmental impact.

More so, for Nigerian libraries to successfully transition to green spaces, several key factors need to be considered. Adeyemi et al. (2024) point out that resource-sharing among libraries, combined with eco-friendly practices, can promote economic sustainability. However, they argue that for green library initiatives to truly take root, there must be greater investment in renewable energy sources, such as solar power. Their recommendation for university management teams to provide solar systems to all library units is particularly relevant in Nigeria, where energy access is inconsistent. Implementing solar energy in libraries would not only reduce reliance on fossil fuels but also serve as a cost-saving measure in the long run. In addition, the role of awareness in driving green library adoption is a serious consideration. Emmanuel and Okojie (2022) emphasize that awareness is a critical tool in promoting the implementation of green libraries. Their study found that while academic librarians are generally aware of the concept of green libraries, there has been a slow rate of adoption due to a lack of understanding of how to implement such practices effectively. This gap in awareness suggests that more educational programs and training workshops are needed to equip library staff with the knowledge and skills required to manage eco-friendly libraries.

7. The Role of Green Libraries in Promoting Sustainable Practices in Nigerian Society

The introduction of green practices into Nigerian libraries can serve as a catalyst for widespread environmental responsibility, encouraging sustainable behaviours among individuals, communities, and policymakers. Green libraries, as observed by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (2022) and Oladoja & Ogunmakide (2021), play several critical roles in promoting sustainability:

• (1) Supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Establishing green libraries aligns with global efforts to meet the United Nations’ SDGs, particularly those related to environmental conservation, education, and social inclusion. By integrating sustainability into their design and operations, libraries can directly contribute to these global goals.
• (2) Creating Healthy and Inclusive Spaces: Green libraries focus on providing comfortable, healthy environments that foster learning and creativity. In Nigeria, where pollution and industrialization are ongoing concerns, the establishment of eco-friendly reading spaces will not only attract more patrons but also offer a safe and healthy space for individuals seeking to engage in intellectual pursuits.
• (3) Modelling Sustainable Practices: Libraries can become models for environmental sustainability, inspiring other organizations and institutions to adopt green practices. By showcasing sustainable design, energy efficiency, and resource conservation, libraries will set a positive example for the wider community.
• (4) Environmental Education: As hubs for knowledge dissemination, green libraries can offer valuable resources and programs focused on environmental education, helping communities understand the importance of sustainability.
• (5) Community Engagement: Green libraries can serve as platforms for community involvement, hosting workshops, seminars, and other events that promote environmental awareness and eco-friendly living.
• (6) Cultural Shifts: Through their operations and programs, green libraries have the potential to drive cultural shifts towards more sustainable behaviours, influencing both individuals and broader societal norms.
• (7) Social Responsibility: By embodying a commitment to the well-being of current and future generations, green libraries reflect the values of social responsibility. They contribute not only to environmental preservation but also to the overall improvement of public health and social equity.

As noted by Ashikuzzaman (2024) and IFLA (2023), these roles demonstrate that green libraries are not just about sustainability; they are about fostering a holistic approach to community development that integrates environmental, social, and economic factors.

8. Challenges in Establishing and Sustaining Green Libraries in Nigeria

Green libraries present a promising solution to environmental sustainability, but their establishment in a developing country like Nigeria faces significant hurdles. These challenges are exacerbated by limited resources, infrastructural issues, and insufficient awareness. Researchers such as Oladoja and Ogunmakide (2021), Sivaprasad et al. (2024), and Emmanuel and Okojie (2022) have highlighted several barriers unique to Nigeria’s context, which are also evident in other regions. Some of the challenges ranged from funding, lack of infrastructure and technical expertise, awareness and non-implementation of policies. Studies revealed that one of the most significant challenges is the lack of funding and resources necessary for creating and maintaining green libraries (Emmanuel & Okojie, 2022; Iroeze et al., 2022). Adeyemi et al. (2024) note that university libraries in Kwara State struggle with limited funding, which restricts their ability to implement sustainable practices. This is a common issue across Nigerian academic institutions, where budget allocations are often insufficient to cover both operational needs and the costs associated with green initiatives. As a result, many libraries are forced to prioritize immediate concerns, such as resource preservation, over long-term sustainability goals.

In addition, public awareness remains a key barrier to green library adoption in Nigeria. Emmanuel and Okojie (2022) found that while some Nigerian librarians are aware of green library practices, the general public and many library stakeholders remain uninformed about the importance of eco-friendly spaces. This lack of awareness limits the pressure on institutions to adopt green practices and reduces the potential for libraries to serve as models of sustainability in their communities. Without broad-based support from the public and institutional stakeholders, green library initiatives are unlikely to gain the momentum needed for widespread adoption. More so, the literature maintained that inadequate infrastructure and technical expertise challenged the adoption of green libraries. Dada (2021) found that most Nigerian libraries lack the necessary tools and skilled personnel to effectively implement green practices. He suggests that without significant investment in infrastructure, it will be difficult for Nigerian libraries to adopt and maintain sustainable practices. This lack of infrastructure is further compounded by Nigeria’s broader challenges, such as unreliable electricity supply and poor waste management systems, making it difficult for libraries to incorporate sustainable designs into their operations. Further, a lack of supportive policies and regulatory frameworks complicates the adoption of green practices in Nigerian libraries. While there are global efforts to encourage green building, local policies in Nigeria may not yet prioritize sustainability (Adeyemi et al., 2024). Without strong government incentives, guidelines, or regulations to promote eco-friendly infrastructure, libraries are left to navigate these changes alone. Policymakers may not fully recognize the role libraries can play in promoting environmental stewardship, resulting in insufficient funding, planning, and institutional support.

9. Strategies for Enhancing Green Library Initiatives in Nigeria

Despite growing interest in sustainability, the concept of green libraries remains underdeveloped in Nigeria. To accelerate the adoption of green library practices, several key areas must be addressed:

• (1) Raising Awareness: There is a need for a broader understanding of green libraries among Nigerian librarians, policymakers, and the general public. As suggested by Okpidi-Urhibo (2023), efforts to promote the benefits of green libraries should include educational programs, public awareness campaigns, and advocacy efforts that target key stakeholders.
• (2) Building Capacity: Enhancing the technical skills of library staff is essential for the successful implementation of green initiatives. This includes training programs that teach library personnel how to integrate sustainable practices into daily operations, manage resources more efficiently, and engage in long-term environmental planning.
• (3) Strengthening Institutional Support: To ensure the sustainability of green library initiatives, there must be a concerted effort to build institutional support. Libraries should work closely with government agencies, environmental organizations, and academic institutions to develop collaborative strategies that promote green practices.
• (4) Standardizing Data and Metrics: According to Agaptus et al. (2021), data inconsistencies are a significant barrier to achieving green library goals. Establishing uniform metrics for evaluating environmental impact will allow libraries to set clear targets, measure progress, and make data-driven decisions about sustainability.
• (5) Enhancing Community Involvement: Libraries should actively engage with their communities to foster a sense of ownership and responsibility towards environmental sustainability. Community-driven initiatives, such as volunteer programs and local partnerships, can help ensure that green library projects are both sustainable and impactful.

10. Conclusion

The development of green libraries in Nigeria represents a significant opportunity to advance sustainability and environmental stewardship within the country. This study highlights the essential role of libraries in addressing ecological challenges by creating spaces that prioritize resource conservation, energy efficiency, and the promotion of environmental literacy. While Nigerian libraries have been slow to adopt green practices, the research reviewed in this paper demonstrates a growing awareness of the need for sustainable solutions. Studies from across Nigeria reveal that the challenges facing green library initiatives stem primarily from financial constraints, lack of infrastructural support, and limited awareness among stakeholders. To overcome these barriers, Nigerian libraries are expected to focus on strategic partnerships with governmental bodies, international organizations, and local communities. More so, libraries can secure the necessary resources to invest in renewable energy solutions, such as solar power, which will reduce reliance on the national grid and lower operational costs. Additionally, awareness campaigns targeting both librarians and the general public will be crucial in building a culture of sustainability within libraries and their surrounding communities. The success of green libraries in Nigeria depends on the collective efforts of all stakeholders involved, from government agencies and policymakers to librarians and local communities. Therefore, Nigerian libraries can play a significant role in promoting environmental responsibility, fostering social inclusion, and contributing to global efforts to combat climate change. Importantly, the future of green libraries in Nigeria will depend on sustained investment in infrastructure, education, and awareness, ensuring that these institutions continue to serve as models of sustainability for future generations.

11. Implications for Future Research and Policy

This study indicates the need for further research and more targeted policies to support the adoption of green libraries in Nigeria. On the one hand, future research should focus on the feasibility and quantifiable benefits of green library practices specific to the Nigerian context. Drawing from similar studies in developing countries, a key area of investigation could be measuring the effects of green library practices, such as a target 25% reduction in energy costs by switching to solar power, energy-efficient lighting, and passive cooling systems. These studies should also explore how sustainable practices can be integrated into library design without significantly increasing operational costs. Another crucial area for research is the development of a localized model for green libraries that considers Nigeria’s unique environmental and economic challenges. This model could be tested in pilot projects at selected academic and public libraries. The outcomes of such pilot projects should assess not only the environmental impact but also the cost-effectiveness and long-term sustainability of green practices in Nigeria’s infrastructural landscape.

On the other hand, for green libraries to flourish, Nigerian policymakers must prioritize environmental sustainability within the broader national agenda. Government bodies such as the National Library of Nigeria (NLN) and the Librarians’ Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN) should develop green library policies that are supported by clear funding mechanisms. These policies should include provisions for grant programs or tax incentives for libraries that invest in renewable energy, water conservation systems, and sustainable construction materials. By aligning these policies with national energy efficiency targets, libraries can be incentivized to adopt eco-friendly practices without placing undue financial strain on their operations. In addition, policymakers should collaborate with international development agencies and environmental organizations to secure funding and technical support. These partnerships could help establish national standards for green library design and operation, which would guide libraries in implementing sustainable practices that are both feasible and cost-effective. Furthermore, training programs should be introduced at national library conferences and workshops to build the capacity of Nigerian librarians to manage green libraries.

Given the financial constraints faced by Nigerian libraries, a phased approach to green library implementation may be more practical. Rather than attempting to overhaul library infrastructure in a single step, libraries could adopt sustainable practices incrementally. For example, starting with low-cost interventions such as energy-efficient lighting, waste management programs, and the promotion of digital resources to reduce paper usage. As funding becomes available, larger investments such as installing solar panels or rainwater harvesting systems can follow. To ensure the sustainability of green libraries, ongoing monitoring and evaluation should be implemented. Research must explore how libraries can measure the return on investment for green practices, not only in terms of energy cost savings but also in public health benefits, environmental education, and community engagement.

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