Information Needs of Prisoners and Adequacy of Information Resources in Prison Libraries in Anambra State, Nigeria

1. Introduction

Information as a concept in the present era has become exceedingly and exclusively central to the functioning of society due to the overflow caused by information and communication technology. Information is seen as embodying a lot of resources and power. That is why one would confidently say that information is power. The absence of information creates a vacuum and a degree of uncertainty, this inadvertently means that the presence of information serves to fill a gap and reduce uncertainty. The art of informed decision-making is one that needs aid usually in the form of adequate information. Information is the end product of processing, manipulating, and arranging data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the receiver (Anunobi & Udem, 2014; Chimah & Nwokocha, 2013). Information plays a very crucial and important role in our everyday lives both in personal and professional capacities. Information hitherto had been stored traditionally in books but can be currently found in more advanced mediums in the form of electronic media. Man as an entity, directly and indirectly, seeks after the knowledge which is expected to aid him in his daily activities. The desire for the acquisition of new and improved knowledge to satisfy man’s everyday needs gave rise to information needs.

Need as noted by Stevenson (2010) is a thing that is wanted or required, the state of requiring help or of lacking basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing. In the same vein, Richards et al. (2018) described need as a desire to receive support with an experienced problem. Therefore going by the definitions above, information need is the state of requiring information; information need implies that an individual wants to accomplish a task and would require having certain pieces of information at their disposal. Udem and Ogungbeni, (2023); Naeema, Ahmed, and Ishfaq (2014) opined that information need is the information a person or persons should have in order to do their job effectively, solve a problem satisfactorily, pursue a hobby or interest with excitement, and overall achieve set goals. It is the desire of a person or group of persons to find and acquire information to satisfy a conscious or unconscious need. Information need is perceived as the acceptance that an individual’s knowledge is not enough to achieve a goal or to accomplish an objective (Liswiki, 2008).

Information need is seen as the difference between what an individual knows and what they need to know. It is the requirement for a piece of information by an individual necessary to carry out an assignment that generates information need. Information needs come in varying forms; they could be educational information needs, medical, economic, vocational, recreational, legal, financial, and spiritual informational needs. Human beings in every capacity and field of endeavor have their information needs, this is because it is important for humans to seek information for development as opined by Thankachan (2016), and prisoners are not an exception.

A prisoner is an individual who is confined in a prison also known as a correctional facility and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state. People who are charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial; those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specific period of imprisonment (Arora, 2019). Sambo, Usman and Rabiu (2017) observed that the prison population in Nigeria includes convicted persons and those awaiting trial (ATPs). However, in developed countries like the USA, state and federal prisons house convicted inmates who are incarcerated for longer periods than inmates kept in jails and detention centres.

Prisoners also referred to as prison inmates are individuals who have been incarcerated as punishment for a crime. Ejike (2014) defined prisoners as people who are incarcerated and whose movements are restricted because of the crimes they committed. With respect to their state of incarceration, they are restricted from free movement and full social life. They are remanded in these correctional facilities as a means of rehabilitating them in order to be worthy to be part of society at no harm to themselves or others. Prisoners due to their status are unable to move around and therefore do not have access to information by themselves in the same way people who are free do. However, prisoners need information for varying purposes. Some of these prisoners have low educational qualifications which sometimes pose a disadvantage that may inadvertently push them into a life of crime. Therefore, they need literacy training, career and educational programs that are geared towards improving their educational background.

Incarceration as the word implies means that these individuals do not have the liberty to move around, communicate freely or access information at ease. This does not in any way obliterate the fact that they need the aforementioned necessities. Prisoners need information for the enhancement of their general and psychological and well-being, Emesealu and Popoola (2016) asserts that the psychological well-being of prisoners is important to preserve both their mental health and physical wellness during incarceration, in order to ensure that they are in the right frame of mind as well as be efficiently equipped at the point of their release. They need information resources that will assist them to do intellectual activities, spend leisure time that is rewarding, interesting and engaging. It is the responsibility of the prison library to provide inmates with the needed information resources.

Information needs of prisoners are those specific needs that are unique to prisoners in correctional facilities arising from their state of incarceration. In the case of prisoners, information needs range from the most basic information needed for survival, educational reasons, good health and hygiene, and recreation to spiritual/moral development (Sambo, Usman, and Rabiu 2017). Prisoners need information resources to navigate their day-to-day activities and the onus lies on the library to equip them adequately with needed information on how they handle themselves and how they relate with others, and also provide the information needed to prepare them for eventual release into the larger society and to prevent a repeat offense.

Information in various forms is needed by prisoners for varying purposes. These pieces of information are expected to meet the information needs of prisoners and satisfy their yearnings and information problems. Prisoners have information needs as free people do but unlike free people, they have limited access to avenues through which to get this needed information. Eze (2013) studied the information needs and resources provision through the prison libraries in South-East zone of Nigeria. The study revealed that recreational information, religious/spiritual information, health information, and legal information are predominantly the major information needed by prisoners due to their state of confinement. Sambo, Usman and Rabiu (2017) further recognized information on health conditions, spiritual and moral information, literacy education, rights in prison and information on legal issues as information needs of prisoners. The rehabilitative and reformative goals of the prison would be unattainable if peradventure the established information needs of these prisoners are not adequately met.

The term resources signifies materials that when at an individual’s disposal help in the satisfaction of needs. Information resources are resources that fulfill users’ information needs by serving as a conduit between information and those who are in need of it. This is supported by Agarwal (2011) who described an information resource as an information agent or transporter that can appear through conventional sources; the more traditional source (majorly print source), and electronic source. Msoffe and Ngulube (2017) pointed out that there is a tendency for users of the information to want to gain access and have it conveyed to them through a preferred source, which could be print or electronic medium. Information resources comprise all forms of information carriers including print and electronic sources such as books, databases, encyclopedias, newspapers, magazines, reports, conference proceedings, articles, journals, E-books, websites, manuscripts, and special collections, the internet, which solve several information needs including research activities and developmental projects (Chimah & Nwokocha, 2013).

There are categories of information sources and they are primary, secondary, and tertiary information sources. Primary sources are first-hand documents that are most often created during the time the events under study occurred. They are information materials in their original state. Examples of this are: interviews, speeches, diaries, correspondence, patents, conferences, archival materials, journals, theses, and manuscripts. Secondary sources are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. They interpret, analyze, evaluate, summarize and repackage primary literature. They are not direct evidence but rather they are discussions of evidence. Some of these are: bibliographies, reviewed journals, textbooks, and commentaries. Tertiary sources consist of primary and secondary sources that have been summarized and condensed. Examples are: almanacs, abstracts, dictionaries, encyclopedias, fact books, and handbooks. Information resources are therefore those resources acquired by the library, processed, and made available and accessible to users for the purpose of providing information in order to satisfy the quest for knowledge and enlightenment of the library patrons.

There is an undeniable necessity to make information resources not just available but also adequate to actualize the purposes for which prison libraries are established. The libraries in prisons are therefore expected to house collections that are in line with the objectives of its parent body which is primarily rehabilitation of inmates and equipping them with the necessary information that will help them function efficiently in society when they are released from the prison.

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions released a guideline for library services to prisoners (IFLA) (2005). The guidelines are applicable to all facilities where individuals are incarcerated. The guidelines indicate that the library collection should include materials in print and other formats to meet the informational, educational, cultural, recreational, and rehabilitative needs of the prison population. This collection should include a wide range of current print and non-print materials similar to those found in a school or public library. The library collection is also expected to be regularly enhanced with new acquisitions chosen by professional librarians.

Generally, the library collection should have materials covering general reference titles, fiction including a broad range of genres (romance, mystery, crime, science fiction, fantasy, horror, poetry, comics and graphic novels, etc.) and non-fiction covering the standard Dewey subject areas with heavy emphasis on topics dealing with self-help, life skills, and personal relationships, legal materials to meet legal informational needs as well as constitutional or court-mandated requirements, biographies, self-study materials, easy to read materials, large print books, audiobooks, audio and visual materials, multimedia and computer software; community information including brochure, directories, handbooks, literacy and numeracy materials, puzzles games, magazines, and newspapers.

The guideline further goes ahead to state the number of materials that constitute a minimally “adequate” collection bearing in mind factors such as the size of the prison population. It specifies that a minimum of the following materials is what determines their adequacy or inadequacy; for books; a collection of 2000 titles or 10 titles per inmate, whichever is greater. For magazines, a minimum collection of 20 titles or one subscription per 20 inmates, whichever is greater? These are guidelines with specific numbers as regards the collection of the prison library collection bearing in mind the population of prisoners in each prison. For audio and visual materials, multimedia, and computer software, the library is expected to provide a sufficient amount to meet basic needs and support ongoing prison programs.

2. Literature Review

3. Research Methodology

The research design adopted for this study is descriptive survey research design. The study was carried out in prisons in Anambra state. Anambra state is located in the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. Anambra state has four prisons; Medium Security Custodial Centre Aguata, Medium Security Custodial Centre Nnewi, Awka Custodial Centre, and Medium Security Custodial Centre Onitsha. The population of the study consists of all 1781 inmates in the four prisons in Anambra state, Nigeria. (Source: Inmates records of each of the selected prisons). The sample size of the study consists of 327 prisoners drawn from the four custodial centers in Anambra state. This sample size was drawn through the use of Taro Yamane’s sample size determination formula. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was further adopted to ensure that all sub-groups in the population participate in the study in the same proportion as they exist in the population. The instruments that were used for data collection were a researchers-constructed questionnaire, titled ‘Information Needs of Prisoners Questionnaire (INPQ)’ and an observation checklist, titled ‘Adequacy of Information Resources Checklist (A1RC)’. The questionnaire was structured in line with information from the literature reviewed. The checklist was adapted from the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions’ (IFLA) guideline for library services to prisoners as well as literature reviewed in line with the purposes of this study. The instruments were given to three experts for validation, two from the Department of Library and Information Science and one from Measurement and Evaluation, Educational Foundations all in the Faculty of Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha. To ascertain the internal consistency of the items in ‘Information Needs of Prisoners Questionnaire (INPQ)’, the instrument was administered to 20 inmates in the Enugu Custodial Centre who are not part of the study area but have similar features to the population of the study.

A total of 327 questionnaires were shared and 314 copies were retrieved by the researchers and the research assistants. The percentage return rate of distributed questionnaires is 96%. In the case where the questionnaires were not retrieved on same day, a new date was rescheduled for completion and collection. The administration and retrieval of the questionnaire was carried out within a period of five weeks. The researchers employed the help of 4 research assistants. These research assistants comprising of prison welfare officers were given an orientation on how to administer, retrieve, and return the completed questionnaires to the researchers. The use of research assistants is necessitated by the unique nature of the population under study and to facilitate quick distribution and retrieval of copies of the questionnaires from the respondents. The second part of the instrument which is the checklist was handled in part by the researchers and also with the help of research assistants. This was done by checking the materials housed in the prison libraries against the resources listed in the checklist. The number of books, newspapers and magazines available were noted in order to help in measuring adequacy.

Arithmetic mean was used to analyzed data obtained from research question one. The analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Research questions 2, measuring adequacy was analysed using the yardstick provided in the IFLA guideline for library services to prisoners and this is presented in percentages, information resources with hundred percent (100%) and above are interpreted as adequate while those with less than hundred percent are interpreted as inadequate.

4. Results

This section presents the results of data analysis in tables in line with the research questions earlier formulated to guide the study.

4.1 Research Question 1: What are the information needs of prisoners in Anambra state?

Table 1 shows that prisoners have need for all the information listed that are needed for them to function effectively inside and outside prison walls. The various information needs they have include; information on personal hygiene, information on food and nutrition, Religious/spiritual information, Moral information, Legal information, Educational information, Vocational information, Financial information, Information on current affairs, Rights information, Recreational information, Referral information needs for doctors and lawyers consultation, and employment information needs in relation to their eventual release from prison.

Table 1.

Respondents’ Mean Ratings of Information needed by Prisoners in Prisons in Anambra State

4.2 Research Question 2: What is the adequacy of information resources in meeting the information needs of prisoners?

Table 2 shows that of all the prison libraries in Anambra state, only ACC has adequate number of books with 5386 (118.8%) out of 4500 based on the IFLA guideline for library services to prisoners, while the books in other prison libraries were found to be inadequate, MSCCO has 1098 (12%) out of 8940, MSCCA has 336 (17%) out of 2000, and MSCCN has 285 (11% ) out of 2620 book titles that are required for adequacy to be met according to the stipulations of the IFLA guideline for library services to prisoners. The library magazine collection were adequate in all the prison libraries, ACC has 150 (652%) out of 23, MSCCO has 104 (216.7%) out of 48, MSCCA has 150 (750%) out of 20, and MSCCN has 80 (400%) magazine titles that are required for adequacy to be met according to the stipulations of the IFLA guideline for library services to prisoners. None of the prison libraries in Anambra state was found to have adequate information resources on newspapers. All the prison libraries do not have any electronic resources, therefore there were no adequate electronic information resources including: CD-ROM databases, Online databases, E-newspapers, E-journals, E-books, E-newsletters, E-dictionaries and Encyclopedia, E-pictures, E-subject guide, and Internet Facilities.

Table 2.

Percentages of Adequacy of Available Information Resources in Meeting the Information Needs of Prisoners

5. Discussion

The findings show that prison inmates are in dire need of several types of information most of which are necessitated by virtue of their confinement and as a result of which they do not have the same access to information as those who are free in the general society. The various information needs they have include; information on personal hygiene, information on food and nutrition, Religious/spiritual information, Moral information, Legal information, Educational information, Vocational information, Financial information, Information on current affairs, Rights information, Recreational information, Referral information needs for doctors and lawyers consultation, and employment information needs in relation to their eventual release from prison. Prison libraries are therefore expected to enquire and identify these information needs of prisoners and ensure that adequate information resources proportionate to their needs are provided. These findings are in line with the study of Sharda and Twari (2021) that prison inmates have myriad of information need for various purposes including; to gain knowledge and for leisure. Also in agreement with the current study are studies of Canning and Buchanan (2019), Rafedzi and Abrizah (2014), Limbani et al. (2020), Sambo et al. (2017), Gbashima et al. (2016), and Tarzan et al. (2015) where they indicated that several of the types of information listed including information on education, health information, rights information, information on legal issues among others are needed by prisoners and that it is the duty of the prison and prison library to satisfy these needs by providing enough resources an creating an enabling and conducive environment in the library.

The findings of the present study shows that library information resources are not adequate in prison libraries, with books only found adequate in Awka custodial centre, magazines were found adequate in all the prison libraries, newspapers and electronic resources were found to be inadequate in all the prison libraries. This is an indication that although there are information resources available in prison libraries but they are inadequate to meet the information needs of the prison inmates. The current findings agree with Afolabi and Afolabi (2019) that electronic resources are not available at all and therefore inadequate. It also concurs with Eze (2015) that information resources provided in the libraries are abysmally inadequate, mostly as a result of inadequate funds. Also, Ozioko et al. (2014) in their study, acknowledged that while information resources are available they are grossly inadequate to cater to the information needs of prisoners and recommended several strategies to change this situation, including liaising with public libraries, NGOs and other professional bodies; also that the prison authority should cautiously ease up on restrictions and invest in information resources and this includes providing and granting access to electronic resources and internet facilities.

6. Conclusion

This study examined the information needs of prisoners and adequacy of information resources in prison libraries in Anambra state, Nigeria. The findings in this study have shown that prisoners have diverse information needs that are necessary for them to function effectively and efficiently. While there were very few information resources found to be adequate, inadequacy of most of the listed information resources is recorded in prison libraries in Anambra state, Nigeria.

7. Recommendation

Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that prison libraries should collaborate with public libraries and other authorities such as the government to ensure that adequate information resources are provided towards meeting the information needs of prisoners in Anambra state.

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