Does Cloned Template Text Compromise the Information Integrity of a Paper, and is it a New Form of Text Plagiarism?

1. Introduction

Templates, such as those created in software programs like Microsoft (MS) Word or LaTex, can be useful for authors seeking to satisfy a journal’s formatting requirements related to style and structure. They are also helpful for editors and publishers because if authors can stylistically format the paper using such templates, then it saves editors time and publishers money. MS Word-based templates can sometimes be found on journals’ websites, and these may be linked to or associated with the journal’s instructions for authors. As one example, this is a popular strategy used by MDPI journals, such as Publications (MDPI, 2021). Using that template, authors then replace text (title, abstract, etc.) in a downloaded Word file with their own manuscript’s text. If a paper is finally accepted for publication, the use of such a template serves the authors, the journal and publisher well because it saves all parties involved time, energy and money. However, if such templates are mandatory to complete the submission process, and the paper is desk rejected, such formatting requirements (template-based or otherwise) waste authors’ precious time, energy and patience (Teixeira da Silva, 2020). There is a sector of the academic community, the author included, that is looking at fine-scale issues in the published literature sensu lato, aspects that may be related to the integrity of that literature, or that might in some way undermine its validity. This commentary discusses one such issue, namely cloned text and author, editorial and publisher oversight related to templates. Initial cues/clues were drawn from September 2021 comments by Guillaume Cabanac at PubPeer related to an Elsevier title, Procedia Engineering.

2. Methodology

3. Findings

4. Discussion

In this paper, limited evidence is provided of a potentially new class or type of “plagiarism”, namely cloned text that is derived from a Word (or other) source template, but whose source is not indicated or cited. Several unanswered queries related to this template-derived “plagiarism” remain while a few questions pertaining to possible publishing-related ethics issues arise.

Should identical (or almost identical) template-based text, whose source has not been attributed, but which appears in a paper that is not considered to be “original research”, be classified as a form of plagiarism? Typically, to avoid plagiarism in an academic paper, there is a need to attribute a source to each statement of fact, as reflected by a citation or reference, while text that is used directly, needs to be placed in quotation marks (Bielska & Rutkowski, 2021). Based on that definition alone, template-derived unattributed text is a form of plagiarism. Does the failure to detect this template-derived “plagiarism” reflect poor quality control by the editor or publisher (copyeditor), lack of verification by the author(s), or both? If one considers that this template-derived text was not supposed to be in the text of the published paper, then it certainly reflects poor verification by the author and the journal or publisher’s copyeditor. If text is from a copyrighted paper, is copied text from that paper, even if it is only text from the acknowledgement, copyright infringement? Possibly yes, but this depends on the volume of text that is copied, the clear identification of the source, the ability of a defendant to “satisfy the burden of persuasion”, as well as a host of other considerations (Loren & Reese, 2019). The Procedia CIRP (CIRP CMS, 2021) indicates on the first page of the template “© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.”, so is the Elsevier template a copyrighted document? If the “recycled” text remains within Elsevier’s Procedia®, i.e., the same copyright holder (Elsevier), then this suggests that it might not be considered as copyright infringement, but would still be textual duplication and/or plagiarism sensu stricto.

Considering that the existence of cloned template-derived text is clearly an error, how should such errors be corrected (Teixeira da Silva, 2016)? One simple way to deal with this would be to issue an erratum, indicating to readers that the “template” text is not an integral part of the paper. In several cases (Balamane-Zizi & Ait-Amara, 2012; Uluç, 2013; DeWitt et al., 2015; Moura, 2017), the cloned template text is extensive, even pages long, so an erratum should be sine qua non. Ideally, in those cases, the paper should be retracted, the entirely cloned template text should be retracted, and the paper should then be republished. One possible problem with this solution is where page numbers might change as a result of cut or adjusted text, since adjusted page numbers will also affect the accuracy of papers that cited these papers. Moreover, there are additional errors (see footnotes of Table 1) with Moura (2017) and Sorkin et al. (2017) that also need to be addressed by an erratum, or through retraction and republication. Retraction and republication is one of the more recent forms of correcting the academic literature (Teixeira da Silva, 2022).

It is worth considering if this is a new type of plagiarism that has not yet been considered or classified (Dougherty, 2020). Dougherty (2020) classified plagiarism into seven categories: translation plagiarism, which is “the conversion of text from one language to another with the intention of hiding its origin” (p. 14); compression plagiarism, in converts a lengthy original text into a compacted form; dispersal plagiarism, in which ideas are taken from a larger body of text, and republished as smaller units; magisterial plagiarism, which limits plagiarism to Catholic theology texts; exposition plagiarism, in which texts of historical precedent are ignored or are not represented in a balanced manner; template plagiarism, in which “a plagiarist uses a previously published passage on one subject and reworks it to produce a seemingly new passage on a different subject by changing a key term”. Even though Dougherty (2020) used the term “template” in the last classification, it is unrelated to the copying of template text, as is discussed in this paper, nor does it fall into the seven categories of plagiarism listed by Ahmed and Anirvan (2020). There are some gray areas of plagiarism, such as the reuse of text, even if with appropriate citation to the source, of optimized research protocols, in systematic reviews (Pieper et al., 2021). Consequently, a new class of plagiarism is suggested in this paper, ‘template-derived plagiarism’, defined as follows: text derived from a template that has, typically through oversight, remained in a derivative work or paper. Academics in the art and science of publishing ethics would do well to examine the various currently available classes of plagiarism to better differentiate them, and to substantiate each one with clear cases and examples, as has been done in this paper.

In the case of Elsevier’s Procedia® papers indicated in Table 1, it would be important for Elsevier to address these queries. This paper has one limitation, namely the exclusive reliance on Elsevier’s Procedia® papers. Additional and more detailed bibliometric analyses need to be conducted using Word template texts, not only in Elsevier journals, but also in journals by other publishers that also employ templates.

As one step to addressing this gap, additional informal searches for template-related “plagiarism” in non-Elsevier journals were made. A Google Scholar search for the text “In this section, you can acknowledge any support given which is not covered by the author contribution or funding sections” from the acknowledgement section of the MDPI Publications template (MDPI, 2021) revealed no papers with vestigial or residual text, only 119 hits related to actual MDPI journal Word templates. Even though Springer Nature (2021) indicates that some of its journals have Word templates, there is no list of such journals, although screening Google (December 13-15, 2021) revealed one such case of a Springer Nature journal, Scientific Data (2021). When the second sentence of the acknowledgements (“Acknowledgements should be brief, and should not include thanks to anonymous referees and editors or effusive comments”) was searched in Google Scholar, two 2012 templates were detected with basically the exact same wording, absent two words from the original, one of which is summarized next: “Acknowledgements should be brief, and should not include thanks to anonymous referees and editors, inessential words, or effusive comments” (Canadian Research & Development Center of Sciences and Cultures, 2012: p. II). Although a search for this sentence at Springer Nature’s SpringerLink revealed 15 search results, none of them carried that sentence in the published papers.

Most of the studied papers in Table 1 carried a notice on their first pages, along the line of “Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the”, followed by the name of the congress or proceeding, suggesting that failure to detect the inclusion of cloned template text in final papers was also the responsibility of the proceedings organizers and overseeing editors, in addition to the authors and publisher (Elsevier). As a result, “clusters” of erroneous or error-filled papers can be found, for example, the “13th Global Congress on Manufacturing and Management, GCMM 2016”, a 2017 volume of Procedia Engineering encompassing seven papers, as can be gleaned from Table 1. Other quality- and integrity-related aspects of the of the content of these papers, such as statistical robustness or language, were not assessed. However, if such papers are candidates for errata or retraction and republication, it might be worthwhile conducting a fresh and independent peer review to affirm their scientific validity prior to any corrective measures.

Separately, there is the issue of benefits and rewards. Authors of Elsevier’s Procedia® papers are privileged because these papers are indexed in Scopus. Scopus is widely considered to be an elite status symbol in academic publishing (Pranckutė, 2021). Consequently, if erroneous or poorly vetted error-ridden literature is given this unique indexing opportunity, this might be perceived by some academics as unfair. Another angle to this issue is the perceived unfair benefit by the proceedings organizers and publisher. In the case of papers in Table 1, Elsevier might be deriving benefit (fees, reputation, etc.) from erroneous papers (Teixeira da Silva & Vuong, 2021). If such errors remain uncorrected, then these benefits might be perceived as unfair.

5. Conclusion

Ultimately, papers with degraded information integrity and oversight, as shown in Table 1, have been unfairly indexed in Scopus. Those errors range between careless oversight to pure editorial or copy editing incompetence, given that the function of editors and copy editors is precisely to detect such errors prior to publication. It is unclear to the author if OA was part of a “deal” (inclusive package) when participating in such congresses, and if the publication of proceedings is a guarantee. It is also unclear to the author if a separate article processing charge was paid by the authors in order for their papers to appear OA, or if this was part of the cost of the proceedings paid for by meeting organizers to Elsevier. Either way, the publisher offers a professional service, but the product that has resulted from that service is neither perfect nor professionally copy edited.

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