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The concept of the third place is being practiced in Kuwait but is not clearly known to most people. The third place is a location outside of home or work that allows social interaction and emotional support (Saey & Foss, 2016). The public sphere is another term used for the third place. Sohrabi (2015) indicated that the public sphere is a place that is free of power and is equally available to all for dialogues and chats based on common factors.

Social interactivity is another related concept that is used for individuals or groups engaged in improving their actions and point of view about certain issues. In Kuwait, there are many places that can be considered as a third place, for example the Niu collaborative community, the Tribe co-working space, the Kommunity co-working space and the The Hub Gallery are considered galleries for activities and social interaction (Memarovic et al., 2014).

Coffee houses or specialty coffee shops are enormously increasing. Their services vary from one coffee shop to another. In general, coffee bars offer drinks and snacks. Some coffee shops go beyond these services and help build communities and facilitate social interaction between the visitors. They provide a comfortable atmosphere and convenient space that visitors use to do their work and feel as if it was their home.

Coffee houses are deemed as suitable incubators for generating ideas, creating networks and exchanging experience through social interaction. These days, social media also plays a role through advertising and announcing about the activities that take place in the coffee houses.

This study was conducted to review the role of coffee houses as the third place and sought feedback from coffee house owners, customers and staff. The study examined the contribution of coffee shops to community building and social capital focusing on the following research questions:

• 1. What social and physical features encourage people to gather at coffee shops?
• 2. What ambiance is desired in coffee shops to become attractive community-gathering places?
• 3. Do customers perceive that coffee shops in Kuwait exhibit the qualities of third places?
• 4. What type of social interaction takes place in gatherings at coffee shops?
• 5. What factors attract customers to feel attached to coffee shops as third places?

What benefits do people perceive from visiting coffee shops as third places?

This project focuses on social interaction that takes place through the third place and the communities that are being created.

“The third places are defined by contrast to other places in people’s lives: homes are first places, work is the second place, and third places are those that offer a s pace outside of work and home for people to escape the stresses associated with th e primary spaces of their lives” (Blank & Van, 2007).

People might be attached to visit coffee shops as these places offers an appropriate atmosphere, drinks & snacks, and other facilities. This should be adequate to create a good vibe for building a community for social interaction.

The place attachment is can be seen from many aspects; the interplay with the regular customers the affiliation of the coffee shops itself and so on (Qingjiu & Maliki, 2013). Also an attachment for the place would result from the time participating and sharing knowledge and ideas with regular customers. The convenient environment offered by the coffee house may be another attraction as well. Waxman (2006) has explained in his study that the word attachment refers to affect, where the word place refers to the environmental settings to which people are emotionally and culturally attached.

Sometime the regular customers who visit coffee shops for social interactivity would approach it for acquiring some emotional support which is being defined according to Rosenbaum, et al. (2007, p. 44) as the support that is typically provided by a close, intimate attachment. Regular customers might seek social support which is being defined as “social resources that individuals perceive to be available, or that are actually provided to them” (Rosenbaum, 2006, p. 59). There are more characteristics for the third place to be considered while deciding to go for it; the third place is not just a place so interact with people but also to “hang-out” therefor the coffee shop owners need to focus more to renewing the atmosphere to be more convenient with what customers need and seek for. Lots of factors has to be taken into account while designing the coffee shop to be the perfect third place to the customers such as: the layout, flooring, seating, tables, lighting, aroma, acoustic, views, and visual appeal (Waxmam et al., 2007, pp. 431-432). Also another study by Waxman, Huber and McLane had assured the type of customers whether they were daytime customers or evening customers need to be taken in consideration while designing the third place (Waxman et al., 2007).

The reason behind building these communities and creating such environments is to motivate and encourage visitors to extend their time for staying and socializing (Griffiths & Gilly, 2012). One of the special traits of a coffee house is that they are open for all segments of the community regardless of their age and gender, they require no fees for entry and become a sharable place for social interaction.

These places are being considered as a hybrid between home and the work place. The simplicity of the decor and furniture gives the sense of a good atmosphere to perform work or business and provides a feeling of relaxation as if you were at home (Griffiths & Gilly, 2012). Coffee houses have become an essential brick in the society, where a lot of social events are carried out.

The role of coffee houses today go beyond only offering drinks and facilities to customers. They are shared places, socializing places, social event incubators and a lot more than that (Waxman, 2004). There has been shift for the regular usage of coffee houses. Rather than just entering the coffee house for having a drink, these public spaces are now used for socializing, exchanging ideas, work and productivity (Woldoff et al., 2013).

Coffee houses as a third place is a great space for entrepreneurs to plan their businesses. With a perfect combination of a restful place and a sip of a warm coffee, planning for a business goes smoothly and ideas are generated in a less stressful manner. The flexibility of the third place gives the freedom for visitors to decide how long they are going to stay and how helpful the facilities are to them (Fuzi, 2015).

When entrepreneurs go to coffee houses on a daily basis, it provides them with a great opportunity to share knowledge with other entrepreneurs about their experience in the business field. Regular visitors may participate in conversations with business owners and be interested or enlightened in new ideas.

Area selection could dramatically affect the increase of the right crowd for the right coffee house. For example, selecting certain neighborhoods in Kuwait city helps more in building communities as most working places such as ministries, public authorities, governmental agencies and banking sectors are concentrated in this area. Consequently, employees can finish their work and rather than returning home they would pass by to have a coffee and fulfil other pursuits (Woldoff et al., 2013).

Furthermore, the use of social networking and the presence of social media applications being used through smart phones has also a great effect on reaching third places (Memarovic et al., 2014). Majority of coffee houses have a profile on social media networks. Viewing the coffee house profile on social media networks allow visitors to view the facilities that the coffee shop offers, the atmosphere, the location, the upcoming events and workshops that will take a place at the coffee house.

Smart phones and social networking services such as Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook and Twitter are now used on a daily basis (Memarovic et al., 2014). Coffee house owners can now reach more customers through certain features on social networking applications such as the sponsor feature on Instagram and Snapchat. Instagram allows certain posts to appear for Instagrammers even if they do not follow the coffee house profile. In Snapchat, advertisements appear surprisingly while viewing somebody’s Snapchat story. In these advertisements, coffee shop owners may advertise and announce about upcoming events and workshops that will take a place in their coffee house.

Social places are influenced by the socio-cultural and ecological changes (Sohrabi, 2015). Coffee houses are designed according to the climate of the country. In Kuwait outdoor seating is seasonal due to the hot climate lasting most of the year. Coffee shop owners cannot be planning events outdoor all the time, they must put in consideration that a free wide space indoors in the coffee house should be an alternative for creating events in it.

Most of the coffee houses are adopting the foreign culture as observed in two thirds of the local concept for coffee houses. Although, this should not have a big effect on the visitors, as they have the right to choose which coffee house they prefer to go to and which one gives them the feel of home so they can work properly in it. After all it is a matter of personal preference (Waxman, 2004).

At a first glance, coffee houses might be considered as a place for leisure and entertainment (Sohrabi, 2015). With the enormous spread of coffee houses, they have become a place to study, develop businesses and provide many more functions for its visitors. Coffee houses have been unexpectedly involved in the social lives of the consumers, they host all people regardless who they are, whether they are regulars, voluntary, employees, entrepreneurs, any happily gathering of individuals beyond the restrictions of home and work (Saey & Foss, 2016).

The cultural background might even affect the visitors’ choice in selecting which coffee house he or she might choose to go to. According to a study of Saey and Foss (2016), rural users attend coffee houses for social and emotional support, whereas urban users go to coffee houses for more practical reasons.

These coffee houses had a role that goes beyond serving drinks and snacks; they embrace, incubate and hold activities that takes a place at them. This might be a reason why these third places became strongly associated with customers feeling more attached to these places (Alansari, 2016). Taking care of the interior environment and understanding the social and physical attributes would be a key feature for encouraging people to visit coffee houses. Interior décor of coffee houses need to be studied carefully.

Knowing factors such as what colours to be chosen, which accessories to use can reflect on how the comfortability will be perceived so as to attract more customers to stay for a longer time, building an active coffee house community and culture. When customers come regularly to a certain coffee house and stay for a long time to do their business and share ideas with other regulars; this indicated to the increase of the level of satisfaction of the visitors. As stated by Alansari (2016, p. 51), “Designing a third place with special emphasis on fostering socialization and networking is essential for the life of the community”.

This paper highlights the important role of coffee shops in Kuwait as third places. No previous studies on this phenomenon in Kuwait could be found in the literature. Results of this study is expected to make contribution in this aspect.

Fourteen coffee shops were selected for this study based on their ambience, seating and location. All are located in the central business district of Sharq, in Kuwait. A mixed-methods approach was adopted for collecting data. A qualitative approach of extended conversation was employed to collect information from coffee shop owners.

These conversations were in the form of semi-structured interviews conducted at the coffee shop itself similar to what Alansari (2016) did in his study with a short questionnaire which was distributed to twenty-two staff and the visitors of the coffee shop. This provided an opportunity to use a naturalist inquiry method (Glaser, 2007).

Five general questions were formulated to facilitate the conversations. The questions were based on the following topics:

• A. Facilities provided by the coffee shop
• B. Type of communities that are being created
• C. Social responsibility
• D. Pattern of visits and customers activities
• F. Customers feedback

Questions based on these topics were sent to the interviewees before the meeting to give them an idea about the focus of the discussion. Some new questions emerged during the discussion that helped to refine and expand the conversations even more.

The conversations therefore helped build a grounded theory as these progressed on to having meetings with more coffee shop owners (Noble & Mitchell, 2016). The Apple iPhone X was used for recording the conversations through a voice recording application named Rev. Voice Record which has a feature of transcribing the recorded conversation. A questionnaire was distributed to staff and coffee shop visitors in order to support the information collected.

Third places are becoming popular for gatherings, where people meet and feel less stressed from work and feel at home. In Kuwait, coffee shop owners appear to be aware of their spaces playing the role as third places. Most coffee shops provide facilities in addition to serving drinks and snacks. The cosy and comfortable ambience that is provided by coffee shops gives the sense of relaxation to customers.

Results of this study showed that there was a high demand for providing better meeting facilities. This is an indication that the role of coffee shops as third places is widely known and understood in Kuwait. The customer activities differ from one to another. These include friends gathering, accomplishing work, studying and so on. Regular customers visit their favourite coffee shops on daily basis.

They are in a way attached to the coffee shop as they like the facilities and the environment. This shows that appropriate facilities can make coffee shops as attractive third places. Some coffee shops have their own communities. These are known and referred to as students, painters, business developers and so on. These communities became well known and popular by word of mouth and through social media.

Coffee shops are also aware about their participation in social responsibility programs. They participate in holding events, changing the coffee shop theme according to international events such as women’s day, and invite students to gain work experience from them. These steps encourage interacting and socializing with the visitors. There is also an awareness about seeking feedback.

Staff at coffee shops sought feedback and received suggestions from customers to enhance facilities and services. Coffee shop owners also encourage the staff to seek feedback from customers. Both staff and owners make efforts to interact with customers and try to socialize and build links with others.

There appears to be an awareness and appreciation of coffee shops as third places in Kuwait. There also appears to be an understanding among coffee shop owners, their staff, and regular visitors of their role to help build communities for encouraging social interaction that has a great potential to build social capital in the country.

I dedicate this research to my parents, family and friends and I’m tremendously grateful to everyone who played a role in helping me while doing my research. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Prof. Abdus Sattar Chaudry for giving me this opportunity to do the research with him, for his expertise, guidance and patience throughout the process of writing this research.